因果关系，你还只用Because？

水梦家园

　　雅思大作文中有一类题目是因果关系类，具体包括三小类：cause and effect、cause and solution、problem and solution。
　　这三小类问题也可以串起来，即针对某个topic的cause—effect（即problem）– solution。
　　无论哪种题目，写明因果关系很重要。关于因果关系的表达同学们都很熟悉，无非是BS（because / so），而且大家也一定很清楚得知道BS在英语中，用了前者就不能用后者的道理。
　　例如
　　Because further education has become more accessible for a wider range of people， an increasing number of people have degrees。
　　Further education has become more accessible for a wider range of people， so an increasing number of people have degrees。
　　但是除了BS之外，还有很多其它表示因果关系的表达，具体如下：
　　Because系列（表原因）
　　1、 because of ： because后接的是一个句子（主谓宾）；because of 后一般直接跟名词。
　　例如
　　Because of the increasing number of machine—and as we noted before，machines magnify human effort—then anyone using a machine can get a higher wage than anyone not using a machine.
　　2.  as / since （除了“因为“外，还有”自从”的意思，使用时要注意避免歧义）
　　例如
　　Hours spent on commuting，traffic jams，and fights for parking should diminish，sinceworkers make fewer journeys or work staggered hours.
　　Unfortunately，as the number of people living in the city increases，so do the different problems associated with population growth.
　　（注意此句中的so不表示“所以”，而是“…也…”的意思）
　　3.  thanks to （positive situations 通常适用于结果好的时候）
　　例如
　　Thanks to new technology， it‘s easier than ever to work remotely。
　　due to （negative situations通常使用与结果不好的时候）
　　owing to / attributable to /on account of
　　Due to /… / On account of extreme weather conditions， damage to property occurs。
　　4.  当原因需要的表达较多时，我们还可以把以上表达改写为原因状语从句，使用thanks to the fact that / due to the fact that /owing to the fact that 或者on the grounds that ...
　　例如
　　Will we live longer merely due to the fact that / on the grounds that technology，if implemented properly，will take stress away from our lives.
　　So系列（表结果）
　　1.  As a result / As a consequence
　　例如
　　As a result，those people who were indoors had much lighter skin，which means that whiter skin is now associated with having a higher status than dark skin.
　　As a consequence，environmental health must address the societal and environmental factors that increase the likelihood of exposure and disease.
　　2.  consequently /accordingly
　　Consequently 更偏重因果逻辑；accordingly 更偏重后续解决
　　例如
　　Water pollution affects drinking water，rivers，lakes and oceans all over the world.This consequently harms human health and the natural environment.
　　Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly，measures were taken to clarify them.
　　Cause系列（表结果）
　　1.  cause （v） 引起
　　例如
　　The amount of garbage produced by the people also increases whichcauses sanitary landfills to fill up faster.
　　2.  lead to/ result in 导致
　　注意这里是result in， 后跟结果，前面提到的result from后面跟的是原因。
　　例如
　　The society’s attitude to food often leads to over-consumption.
　　3.  bring about： to cause to take place 引起，带来（注意使用时更倾向于“带来“这个意思）
　　例如
　　The internet technologies that have brought about so much social change were scarcely imaginable just decades before they appeared.
　　4. spark off 引发、引爆 ，具体指引发比较严重的后果、冲突等（=trigger / activate），或指”点燃“（=inspire）
　　例如
　　Spark offa series of problems / a chain of events related to…
　　They canspark off each other‘s talents.
　　affect系列（影响到）
　　1.  Affect/influence
　　例如
　　More likely than not，getting a vehicle from point “A” to point “B” involves combustion of a fossil fuel，a process that emits gasses and affectsthe environment and the ozone layer.
　　People‘s behavior is influenced by circumstances and events，friends and family，education，job prospects，income，housing and environment.
　　2.  impact on 对…产生影响（impact 一般做名词使用，也可以作为动词）
　　例如
　　Over the last few decades，there has been a tremendous growth in information technology，which can impact onour everyday life.
　　3.  give rise to 使发生
　　例如
　　The decrease inthe number of bicycles and cars might give rise to another new set of problems.
　　名词系列（因果）
　　1.  cause （of sth）/ reason 原因
　　例如
　　Obesity can be divided into three main causes – diet， lifestyle and education。
　　Thousands of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personal reasons。
　　2.  result （for sth）/ effect 结果
　　例如
　　This is a difficult problem with many seriouseffects on the individual and country.
　　Another result is lack of self-esteem.
　　3.  impact/influence 影响
　　例如
　　This area is often overlooked but has a tremendous impact on your life.
　　Friends have a biginfluence on the way that we use social media—from unwritten rules to buying decisions and so much more.
　　形容词系列（因果）
　　表示因果的形容词不是很常用，使用时多和factor，element 结合。
　　1.  causal 原因的，因果的
　　例如
　　Low income and elderly are among the potential causalfactors of prevalence of obesity among adults.
　　2.  consequential 结果的，随之发生的
　　例如
　　Measures other than ratings will prove more consequential.
　　3.  influential 影响的，有影响力的（大多数情况下使用第二个意思）
　　例如
　　Family is the most influential factor on happiness.
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